Just like grip, posture, and alignment–ball position is another very important fundament. I believe there are 3 basic ball positions depending on the club being hit.
Off the lead heel for any wood off a tee–because you want to strike the ball with an ascending blow. 1″ back of that heel for any fairway/hybrid off the ground–so you can sweep the ball of the turf with a fairly level strike. 2″ back of that heel for any iron (teed or not)–so that you can hit the ball with a slightly descending blow.
Most people tend to play the ball too far back in their stance, creating too much of a descending strike. This causes very deep divots and launch angles that are too low.
Be careful getting the ball too far back in the stance with chips and pitches. Again this creates a very descending strike, taking the bounce off the club and causing players to “stick” the club in the ground.